Hôm nay mình xin giới thiệu với các bạn một bài nói về “Hedgeing in academic writing”. Cái kĩ năng này khá quan trọng trong các bài viết ielts, làm cho bài viết của bạn trở nên more academic lên ^^
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10]> <style> / Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:“Table Normal”; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:“”; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:“Times New Roman”,“serif”;} table.MsoTableGrid {mso-style-name:“Table Grid”; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-unhide:no; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:“Times New Roman”,“serif”;} </style> <![endif]–> To ‘hedge’: <o:p></o:p>
<!–[if !supportLists]–>·[FONT="] [/FONT]<!–[endif]–>To use an intentionally noncommittal or ambiguous statement<o:p></o:p>
<!–[if !supportLists]–>·[FONT="] [/FONT]<!–[endif]–>To use evasive or deliberately vague language<o:p></o:p>
<!–[if !supportLists]–>·[FONT="] [/FONT]<!–[endif]–>To avoid fulfilling or answering a question completely<o:p></o:p>
<!–[if !supportLists]–>·[FONT="] [/FONT]<!–[endif]–>To be confidently uncertain<o:p></o:p>
<!–[if !supportLists]–>·[FONT="] [/FONT]<!–[endif]–>To use verbal and adverbial expressions such as can, perhaps, may, suggest, which deal with degrees of probability<o:p></o:p>
In order to distinguish between facts and claims, writers often use tentative language such as it seems likely that… or arguably… This technique is called hedging or vague language. Hedging is crucial in academic discourse, and hedge words account for approximately 1 word in every 100 in scientific articles.<o:p></o:p>
Example: “Our results seem to suggest that in less industrialised countries the extensive use of land to grow exportation products tends to impoverish these countries’ populations even more”. <o:p></o:p>
It is often believed that academic writing, particularly scientific writing, is factual. However an important feature of academic writing is the concept of cautious language, or “hedging”. It is necessary to make decisions about your stance on a particular subject, or the strength of the claims you are making. The appropriate use of hedging strategies for academic argumentation is a significant resource for student writers and plays an important part in demonstrating competence in a specialist register.<o:p></o:p>
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Four reasons to hedge<o:p></o:p>
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[ul]
[li]By hedging, authors tone down their statements in order to reduce the risk of opposition. This position associates hedges with scientific imprecision and defines them as linguistic cues of bias which avoid personal accountability for statements. <o:p></o:p>[/li][li]Writers want their readers to know that they do not claim to have the final word on the subject. Expressing a lack of certainty does not necessarily show confusion or vagueness. One could consider hedges as ways of being more precise in reporting results. Hedging may present the true state of the writers’ understanding and may be used to negotiate an accurate representation of the state of the knowledge under discussion. In fact, academic writers may well wish to reduce the strength of claims simply because stronger statements would not be justified by the data or evidence presented. <o:p></o:p>[/li][li]Hedges may be understood as positive or negative politeness strategies in which the writer tries to appear humble rather than arrogant or all-knowing. Hedging is a rational interpersonal strategy which supports the writer’s position, builds writer-reader (speaker/listener) relationships and guarantees a certain level of acceptability in a community. Once a claim becomes widely accepted, it is then possible to present it without a hedge.<o:p></o:p>[/li][li]A certain degree of hedging has become conventionalized; hedging now functions to conform to an established writing style in English.<o:p></o:p>[/li][/ul]
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Language used in hedging<o:p></o:p>
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<table class=“MsoTableGrid” style=“border: medium none ; width: 6.2in; border-collapse: collapse;” width=“595” border=“1” cellpadding=“0” cellspacing=“0”> <tbody><tr style=“”> <td style=“border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> Modal auxiliary verbs<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> may, might, can, could, would, should<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.35pt;” valign=“top” width=“216”> ‘Such a measure might be more sensitive to changes in health after specialist treatment.’<o:p></o:p>
</td> </tr> <tr style=“”> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> Modal lexical verbs doubting and evaluating rather than merely describing<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> to seem, to appear (epistemic verbs), to believe, to assume, to suggest, to estimate, to tend, to think, to argue, to indicate, to propose, to speculate<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.35pt;” valign=“top” width=“216”> ‘In spite of its limitations, the study appears to have a number of important strengths.’<o:p></o:p>
</td> </tr> <tr style=“”> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> Probability adjectives<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> possible, probable, un/likely<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.35pt;” valign=“top” width=“216”> ‘It is likely to result in failure.’<o:p></o:p>
</td> </tr> <tr style=“”> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> Nouns<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> assumption, claim, possibility, estimate, suggestion<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.35pt;” valign=“top” width=“216”> ‘We estimate that one in five marriages end in divorce.’<o:p></o:p>
</td> </tr> <tr style=“”> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> Adverbs<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> perhaps, possibly, probably, practically, likely, presumably, virtually, apparently<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.35pt;” valign=“top” width=“216”> ‘There is, perhaps, a good reason why she chose to write in the first person.’<o:p></o:p>
</td> </tr> <tr style=“”> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> Approximators of degree, quantity, frequency and time<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> approximately, roughly, about, often, occasionally, generally, usually, somewhat, somehow, a lot of<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.35pt;” valign=“top” width=“216”> ‘Fever is present in about a third of cases.’<o:p></o:p>
</td> </tr> <tr style=“”> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> Introductory phrases<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> believe, to our knowledge, it is our view that, we feel that<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.35pt;” valign=“top” width=“216”> ‘We believe that there is no simple explanation.’<o:p></o:p>
</td> </tr> <tr style=“”> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> “If” clauses<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> if true, if anything<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.35pt;” valign=“top” width=“216”> ‘If true, our study contradicts the myth that men make better managers than women.’<o:p></o:p>
</td> </tr> <tr style=“”> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> Compound hedges<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;” valign=“top” width=“189”> seems reasonable, looks probable<o:p></o:p>
</td> <td style=“border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.35pt;” valign=“top” width=“216”> Such compound hedges can be double hedges (it may suggest that; it seems likely that; it would indicate that; this probably indicates); treble hedges (it seems reasonable to assume that); quadruple hedges (it would seem somewhat unlikely that, it may appear somewhat speculative that) and so on.<o:p></o:p>
</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <o:p> </o:p>
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Thú thật là phần reading của mình rất tệ. Hồi học TOEFL ITP, mình tự tin reading bao nhiêu thì qua IELTS mình lo lắng bấy nhiêu. Phần match heading gần như sai be bét, ví dụ có 9 lựa chọn cho 5 heading, thì mình chọn đúng 5 heading, nhưng quăng sai vị trí đoạn . Tức là kĩ năng tìm thông tin tổng quan General của mình yếu quá. Phần điền thông tin vào bảng, sơ đồ, đánh trắc nghiệm thì mình làm khá ok, lâu lâu chỉ sai 1 câu, có lẽ kĩ năng specify là ổn.
Đang cố gắng khắc phục bài match heading, không hiểu sao sai te tua vậy.